Know a gemstone before you buy one.

104 stones, rendered live from their real optics. Turn one, see it cut or as it comes out of the ground, hold it under a UV lamp. Then read what it costs per carat, how to wear it, how to tell it from a fake and what it has meant to people.

Explore the stones Or start with a ruby from Mogok

A ruby from Mogok, Myanmar, traced from its optics: a render, not a photograph.

The collection

Shelved by where each stone is mined.

Golden pagodas on terraced hills above a valley in morning mist

Burma and Southeast Asia6

The Mogok valley in Myanmar has given rubies and red spinels grown in marble for centuries, and Burma on a lab report still sets the price of a ruby. Blue zircon comes from the basalt country of Cambodia.

Tea terraces and a red earth path above a river with pale gravel diggings

Ceylon and East Africa22

One belt of rock, folded when Gondwana came together about 600 million years ago, runs from Mozambique to Ethiopia and on through Madagascar and Sri Lanka. It feeds the gem gravels of Ceylon and the mines of Tanzania and Kenya, which is why a sapphire from Madagascar can look just like one from Sri Lanka.

A green Andean valley under low cloud, a river at its floor

Colombia and Brazil24

Colombian emerald grows in veins through black shale and is the benchmark for the stone. The pegmatites and veins of Minas Gerais and Bahia give beryl, topaz, tourmaline and quartz, and the old lava flows of the south hold amethyst geodes.

Red earth, acacias and flat-topped hills of the Karoo at sunset

Southern Africa8

Diamonds ride up from the mantle in kimberlite pipes; the first were found in South Africa in the 1860s. Tiger's eye is quartz that took the place of blue asbestos fibers in the banded iron rocks of the Northern Cape. The Cullinan mine gives most of the rare blue diamonds.

Birch and pine forest along a mountain stream in autumn

The Urals and Europe13

The Urals gave the Russian court its own gems: alexandrite, found in 1833, and demantoid in 1851. Europe keeps some of the classic localities of collector minerals, like the pyrite cubes of Navajún, English fluorite and the hyalite of Valec, which glows green under UV.

Pale opal diggings on red outback earth under a blue dusk sky

Australia7

Black opal, the most valued kind, comes from Lightning Ridge in New South Wales, formed in the sediments of an old inland sea. In Queensland, opal filled the cracks of ironstone boulders, and in the Kimberley the Argyle mine gave almost every pink diamond in the world until it closed in 2020.

Dark lava rocks and sagebrush below a snow-capped volcano at sunset

North America21

Stones from volcanic rock and old shields: peridot carried up in basalt at San Carlos, copper sunstone in Oregon lava, fire agate in Mexico, labradorite from the Canadian Shield. Kunzite comes from the pegmatites of southern California, and hackmanite, which changes color with light, from Mont Saint-Hilaire in Quebec. Two classics of fluorescence are here too: benitoite, from a single mine in California, and the willemite ore of Franklin, New Jersey.

A dim laboratory with glassware lit inside a growth chamber

Made in a lab3

Stones made, not mined. Flame fusion ruby, from 1902, was the first; lab grown diamond is the same carbon crystal grown in weeks; and moissanite exists in nature only as microscopic grains, so every gem of it is grown. None has a provenance, and a lab report says so.

Corundum · New South Wales and Queensland, Australia

Yellow sapphire

Asscher cut, square step facets

Iron gives this variety its yellow; a good share of the supply, including bi-colored and star material, is recovered from the basalt gem fields of eastern Australia.

Price

$50 to $1,625 per carat

Faceted yellow, under and over 2 ct, all qualities.

Source: Gem Rock Auctions, Dec 2025. Asking prices, not an appraisal.

Hardness9

Mohs scale, 1 to 10. Household dust contains quartz (7), so softer stones scuff with daily wear.

What sets the price: A pure, vivid yellow with no brown or green commands the most; bi-colored and star material from Australia sell in their own, generally lower range.
Wear and care: Untreated stones last a lifetime with normal wear; irradiated yellow (natural or lab induced) can fade with prolonged sunlight, so store in a cool, dark place when not worn.
Look-alikes: Citrine and yellow topaz, whose misleading trade names ("King Topaz," "Oriental Topaz") were once borrowed for yellow sapphire too. A spectroscope separates them: most sapphire shows three absorption lines merging near 450 nm, and natural Australian stones add distinct lines at 450, 460 and 470 nm.
Birthstone: September

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